简单实用的干货丨 滚球体育 论文写作常用词汇

一、术语说明性用语

1 直接使用“定义”一词

definition, define 数学类文献中使用较多

Definition

一个完整的definition例子

“Definition : The difference between the largest and smallest class boundaries is called the range of the table.”

一个以上的definition

“Definition 1 …”√“One/First definition …”×

“Definition 2 …”√“Two/Second definition …”×

Define

被动句

A is defined asB.

A is defined as follows: …

A is defined to be B.

A is defined by B.

A is defined in terms of B.

主动句

We define A as B.

2 使用“称为”

A is called/termed B.

--When the copy is printed out on paper, it is called hard copy.

A is known as B.

A is referred to as B.

A is spoken of as B.

3 带修饰的“称为”

…统称为…

--… are collectively called … …

有各种叫法… …

--is variously called …

前者称为…, 后者称为…

--The former is referred to as …, and the latter as …

通常简称为…

--often shortened to …

4 使用“意指”含义的词语

A 的意思是

… By A one refers to …

--By the speed of transmission one refers to the instantaneous rate at which the information is transferred over the communication facility.

By A we mean/imply that …

--By the word scientist we mean someone who take part in basic research, to discover and attach significant problems not yet solved, to …

A is defined to mean …

5 其他定义用语

所谓 … 是 …

So called A is …

顾名思义，…

A, as the name implies/suggests, is …

--Command and control, as the name implies, must comprise both a command and controlled action element.

… 称为 …，也可称为 …

A is called …, or, alternatively, …

… 是由 … 派生而来，意思是 …

A is derived from B, meaning …

6 无明确定义

… 没有普遍公认的定义.

There is no universally accepted definition to the term A.

--There is no universally accepted definition to the term Software Component presently.

… 目前很难给 … 下定义.

--A clear definition of A is difficult to give.

二、时间表达用语

1 涉及“世纪”表达用语

19世纪后期 In the late nineteenth century

20世纪的头20年里 Within the first 20 years of the twentieth century

本世纪初期 Early in the present century

在本世纪末之前 Before the end of this century

20世纪后半页 The second half of the twentieth century

2 有关“年份”表达用语

约20年前 Nearly two decades ago

在过去的50年里 During the past 50 years

在 … 之后的13年里 For 13 years after …

从80年代开始 Beginning in the 1980’s

直到1990年 Up to 1990, …

追溯到 dating back to … / go back to …

3 抽象时间表达用语 (1)

今后若干年 … for the next few years …

近期内 … in the near future …

在 … 之后不久 shortly after …

在写本文时 … at the time of writing this paper …

目前 for the time being …

当今的 … In today’s …

抽象时间表达用语 (2)

在 … 瞬间 … At the moment …

… 暂时 … … for the moment, …

此时 … By now …

一度 … At one time …

时代 the era of …

4 具体时间表示方法

月-日-年 顺序

1997年8月16日 Aug. 16, 1997

与介词配合，有年或月无日期，用 in

--in 1997, in Mar, 1997

有日期，用 on

--on Nov 1, 1998

有几点几分，用 at

--at 12:30 P.M.

三、ly形的副词放在句首的表达用语

四、关于分类的表达用语

分类常用格式

同段分类

同一段落内用(1),(2)…或(a),(b)…分隔

--Two additional memory considerations are (1) the control of shared memory and (2) the use of cache memory

分段分类

将每一类的内容另行书写，前面加序号、字母(如1,2, …)或其他符号(“●”, “－”)

--Input devices may be broken down into the following categories:

--Keyborad

--Card reader

分类常用词汇 (1)

sort, type, class, variety, category

sort 普通用语

type 技术用语 类别

--types of mapping algorithms

class 技术用语 类型

--classes of modeling languages

variety 多样的

--variety of sth.

category 范畴，类目

--formal word

分类常用词汇 (2)

说明类别的表达用语

有 … 类 … There are … categories of …

… 能被分解为 … … can be divided into …

… 能被划分为 … … can be categorized into …

… 能归入 … … can fit into …

… 将 … 分为 … … classify … as … types

分类常用词汇 (3)

说明类别及分类依据的表达用语

… 可按 … 分类 … can be categorized according to …

--“Computers can be categorized according to their sizes.”

就 … 分类 … is categorized with respect to …

--“Signals is categorized with respect to their applications”

按照 … 来分类 … may be classified by …

--“Signals may be classified by their finite energy or power.”

分类短语

… 属于 … … fall into/within …

--“Many computers fall into the general form discussed above.”’

… 有许多种，从 … 到 … … there are many varieties of …, from … to …

--“There are many varieties of stored program from a wired logic to fully stored program control.”

… 不包含在 … 中 … be excluded from …

--“Systems below M are excluded from this classification.”

五、有关程度的表达用语

六、“…of”词组构成的短语

“…of”词组构成的短语 (3)

含“a group of”表达用语

跟复数名词或代名词，谓语根据主语含义取单数或复数形式

--“A group of 200 students is divided into two groups, one …, the other …”

--“A group of 8 bits is called a byte.”

--“A group of us have decided to attend this symposium.”

“…of”词组构成的短语 (4)

含“a lot of”表达用语

跟单数或复数名词和代名词，谓语与主语保持一致

--“A lot of trouble is caused by …”

--“A lot of problems are caused by unemployment.”

“a lot of” 的替代短语

--a great deal of (后接单数名词)

--a number of (后接复数名词)

“…of”词组构成的短语 (5)

含“the majority of”表达用语

跟单数或复数名词和代名词，谓语与主语保持一致

--“The majority of damage is ease to repair.”

--“The majority of switching systems are space division system.”

“…of”词组构成的短语 (6)

含“a variety of”表达用语

跟单数或复数名词和代名词，谓语与主语保持一致

--“A variety of evidence shows conclusively that …”

--“A variety of network architectures have been proposed from time to time to meet different needs of various users.”

“…of”词组构成的短语 (7)

含“a set of”表达用语

跟可数名词的复数名词，谓语取单数形式

--“a set of 6 cards is shaken in a box and dropped on a table.”

--“a set of specifications forms the ebXML standard.”

“…of”词组构成的短语 (9)

含“either of”和“any of”表达用语

跟复数名词，谓语取单数形式

--“Either of these two methods has applications.”

当“any of”要表达“其中某些”，谓语取复数形式

--“try to answer the questions in Sec. 4.1. If any of them still seem difficult, review the appropriate chapter to find the answers.”

本文转自小木虫作者果断悉尼，材料人编辑部Allen编辑整理。