英文破折号、连接号(与连字符(hyphen)的区别及各自用法是什么?在滚球体育 写作中有何特点?
这个题目可以分解为两个问题,第一个问题:hyphen、en dash、em dash 三者的一般用法为何?第二个问题:这三者的用法在滚球体育 论文中有什么特别需要注意的地方?
下面我把美国人奉为圭臬的The Chicago Manual of Style中关于这几种符号的用法摘译出来,并作了一些补充:
HYPHEN (-)
1. 用于复合词,如
EN DASH (–)
1. 相当于 to。主要用于连接数字或单词,表示「到并包括」(up to and including)。不过应注意,在 from...to... 和 between...and... 的结构中,不要用 en dash 去替代中间的 to 和 and。
For documentation and indexing, see chapters 16–18.
In Genesis 6:13–22 we find God's instructions to Noah.
Join us on Thursday, 11:30 a.m.–4:00 p.m., to celebrate the New Year.
The London–Paris train leaves at two o'clock.
I have blocked out December 2002–March 2003 to complete my manuscript.
Her articles appeared in Postwar Journal (3 November 1945–4 February 1946).
Green Bay beat Denver 31–24.
The legislature voted 101–13 to adopt the resolution.
Jane Doe (1950–); or Jane Doe (b. 1950)
a hospital–nursing home connection
a nursing home–home care policy
a quasi-public–quasi-judicial body (or, better, a judicial body that is quasi-public and quasi-judicial)
a wheelchair-user-designed environment (or, better, an environment designed for wheelchair users)
U.S.-Canadian relations
the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
EM DASH (—)
1. 它的用法最复杂、最灵活。为了避免混淆,一个句子不应包含超过两个 em dash,如果实在需要,应使用圆括弧。
2. 用于详述或解释。基本相当于一组逗号、圆括弧,或冒号的用途。
The influence of three impressionists—Monet, Sisley, and Degas—is obvious in her work.
The chancellor—he had been awake half the night—came down in an angry mood.
She outlined the strategy—a strategy that would, she hoped, secure the peace.
My friends—that is, my former friends—ganged up on me.
Broken promises, petty rivalries, and false rumors—such were the obstacles he encountered.
Darkness, thunder, a sudden scream—nothing alarmed the child.
Kingston, who first conceived the idea; Barber, who organized the fundraising campaign; and West, who conducted the investigation—those were the women most responsible for the movement's early success.
"Well, I don't know," I began tentatively. "I thought I might—"
"Might what?" she demanded.
Only if—heaven forbid!—you lose your passport should you call home.
—Of course he will!
244, 258, 260, 311; greaves, 135, 179,
260; helmets, 101, 135, 147, 221, 243,
258
2-EM 和 3-EM DASHES (—— and ———)
双重和三重的 em dash 相对少见,但也是正规的标点符号,可以介绍一下。
2-em dash 用来表示单词拼写不全,或名字的省略,或粗话的省略,或无法识别的字迹等。如果整个单词都丢失了,2-em dash 的左右两侧都应留出空格,如果只有一部分丢失,那么在 2-em dash 和单词现存部分之间不应有空格。如果 2-em dash 代表整个单词的结束,那么之后应留出正常的词间空格。
Admiral N—— and Lady R—— were among the guests.
David H——h [Hirsch?] voted aye.
关于 en dash 和 em dash的用法,在英、美略有习惯差异,例如有的英国出版机构,如剑桥大学出版社、企鹅、劳特里奇等,喜欢用两边带空格的 en dash 来替代两边不带空格的 em dash,但这在美国很少见,而另一部分英国出版机构,如牛津大学出版社,也支持美国那种两边不带空格的 em dash 风格。
下面解决第二个问题,在科学论文中,这几种标点的使用有什么特殊之处。
一般性的使用,如连接复合词、数字、年代等,和上面介绍的普通用法一致,但有两点或许需要特别注意。
1. 慎用 en dash
为了避免和减号混淆,有的地方最好不要用 en dash。
with temperature of −5–25°C 【错误
−4– −6°C 【错误】
2. 少用 em dash
有一部分滚球体育 论文写作参考书,例如Mastering Scientific and Medical Writing: A Self-help Guide,认为在滚球体育 论文中三种 em dash 一律不应采用,em dash 经常表示一种强有力的打断,如果可能,最好用更平滑、更柔和的圆括弧替代。
权威的Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers也不推荐在参考文献中使用 3-em dash 来表示相同作者这一格式。
本文转载自知乎作者magasa,欧洲足球赛事 编辑整理。
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